1.     First pleopod with prominent bulbous enlargement between level of shoulder and base of
        central projection (Fig. 30a-c,x):..................................................................................................   2

• First pleopod lacking bulbous enlargement (slightly developed in P. williamsoni) between
  level of shoulder and base of central projection (Fig.30d-g):.................................................   5

Fig. 30.  Lateral view of left first pleopods.  a, Procambarus cubensis;  b, P. c. cubensis;  c, P. atkinsoni;  d, P. williamsoni;  e, P. aztecus;  f, P. mexicanus;  g, P. r. ruthveni. (x, see couplet 1;  y, see couplet 3).

2(1).  Albinistic, eyes reduced but with small pigmented area:..........................................................
          .......................................................  Procambarus (A.) niveus  Hobbs and Villalobos, 1964.

          (Subterranean waters of Cuevas de Santo Tomás, Sierra de los Orgcnoa,
            near Ponce, Pinar del Río, Cuba.  Literature:  Hobbs and Villalobos, 1964)

• Pigmented, eyes well developed:............................................................................................   3

Fig. 31.  Dorsal view of chelae.  a, Procambarus williamsoni;  b, P. pilosimanus;  c, P. llamasi.

3(2).  Areola almost always more than 4 times longer than broad and constituting at least 26 per
          cent of total length of carapace; mesial (inner) part of first pleopod expanded caudally much
          more than lateral (outer) part (Fig. 30b, y):.................................................................................
          ....................................................  Procambarus (A.) cubensis cubensis  (Erichson, 1864).

          (Various types of freshwater habitats throughout the island of Cuba, except in the
            southwestern mountains, and Isla de Pinos.  Literature:  Hobbs and Villalobos, 1964)

• Areola usually less than 4 times longer than broad and seldom constituting as much as 26
  per cent of total length of carapace; mesial (inner) part of first pleopod expanded little if
  any more than lateral (outer) part (Fig. 30a, c):........................................................................   4 

4(3).   Shoulder on cephalic surface of first pleopod rounded or tuberculoform; middle part of
           shaft with cephalic and caudal margins subparallel (Fig. 30c):................................................
           .....................................................................  Procambarus (A.) atkinsoni  (Ortmann, 1913).

           (Streams on Isla de Pinos, Cuba.  Literature:  Hobbs and Villalobos, 1964).

• Shoulder on cephalic surface of first pleopod angular; middle part of shaft of first
  pleopod with cephalic and caudal margins convex (Fig. 30a):..................................................
  ..............................................................  Procambarus (A.) cubensis rivalis  (Faxon, 1912).

           (Streams in the province of Pinax del Rio, Cuba.  Literature:  Hobbs and Villalobos, 1964).

Fig. 32.  Lateral view of carapaces.  a, Procambarus acanthophorus;  b, P. pilosimanus.  (cg, cervical groove;  s, spine;  sa, suborbital angle).

5(1).   Carapace with 2 or more cervical spines (Fig. 20a):.............................................................    6

• Carapace with or without 1 cervical spine (Fig. 20b):...........................................................     9

6(5).  Chela not conspicuously pubescent (Fig. 31a); cephalic margin of hepatic region of
          carapace usually without spines, never more that 1, between cervical groove (cg)
          and suborbital angle (sa) (Like Fig. 32b; see also Figs 23b, 30d):..........................................
          .....................................................................  Procambarus (A.) williamsoni  (Ortmann 1905).

          (Lentic habitats in the province of Izabal, Guatemala, and Lago Yojoa, Honduras.
           Literature:  Ortmann, 1905b)

• Chela with fingers conspicuously pubescent (Fig. 31b, c); cephalic margin of hepatic
  region of carapace with 1 or more spines between cervical groove (cg) and suborbital
  angle (sa) (Fig. 32a, b):.............................................................................................................    7

7(6).  Chela with conspicuous long pubescence largely confined to fingers (Fig. 31c; see
          also Fig. 21b):......................................................  Procambarus (A.) llamasi  Villalobos, 1954.

          (Small streams and drainage ditches from Veracruz to Yucatán, México, and
           northern Guatemala.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Chela with conspicuous long pubescence both in fingers and much of palm (Fig. 31b):.............    8

8(7).  Cephalic margin of hepatic region of carapace with 3 or 4 spines between cervical
          groove and suborbital angle (Fig. 32a); tip of hook on ischium of third pereiopod not
          extending proximad of basioischial articulation (bi)  (Fig. 33b):......................................................
          ..................................................................  Procambarus (A.) acanthophorus Villalobos, 1948.

          (Streams and canals in Atlantic drainage in Oaxaca and southern Veracruz, México.
            Literature:  Villalobos, 1955.

• Cephalic margin of hepatic region of carapace with only 1 spine between cervical groove
  and suborbital angle (Fig. 32b);  tip of hook on ischium of third pereiopod extending
  proximad of basioischial articulation (Fig. 33a; see also Fig. 31b):.............................................
  ....................................................................  Procambarus (A.) pilosimanus  (Ortmann, 1906).

          (Lentic habitats from Chiapas and Quintana Roo, México, to British Honduras and
           Guatemala.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

9(5).  Albinistic; eyes reduced but with small pigment spot (see also Fig. 22c):...................................
          ..............................................................................  Procambarus (A.) rodriguezi  Hobbs, 1943.

          (Subterranean stream, Cueva de Ojo de Agua, west-northwest of hacienda Potrero
            Viejo, Paraje Nuevo, Córdoba, Veracruz, México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Pigmented, eyes well developed:....................................................................................................    10

10(9).  Areola less than 7 times longer than broad with 3 or 4 punctations across narrowest
            part (Fig. 34a):..............................................  Procambarus (A.) mirandai  Villalobos, 1954.

            (Subterranean stream, Cerro Hueco, 4 km. southwest of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas,
              México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Areola at least 9 times longer than broad with 1 or 2 punctations across narrowest
  part (Fig. 34b-d):................................................................................................................................    11

Fig. 33.  Caudoventral view of basal portions of third pereiopods;  a, Procambarus pilosimanus;  b, P. acanthophorus. (bi, basioischial articulation).

11(10).  Caudodistal margin of central projection of first pleopod with small subacute projection
               near mid-length (Fig. 35a); eyes conspicuously large (Fig. 34b):.............................................
              ...................................................................  Procambarus (A.) vazquezae  Villalobos, 1954.

              (Rocky shore of Laguna de Catemaco, Veracruz, México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Caudodistal margin of central projection of first pleopod evenly contoured (Fig. 35b);
  eyes not conspicuously large (Fig. 34c, d):.....................................................................................    12

Fig. 34.  Dorsal view of carapaces.  a, Procambarus mirandai;  b, P. vazquezae;  c, P. aztecus;  d, P. veracruzanus.

12(11).  Distal margin of shoulder on cephalic surface of first pleopod sloping proximally from
               base (Fig. 30g):.............................................................................................................................    13

• Distal margin of shoulder on cephalic surface of first pleopod perpendicular to shaft or
  concave proximad (Fig. 30e, f):........................................................................................................    14

Fig. 35.  Lateral view of distal portion of first pleopods.  a, Procambarus vazquezae;  b, P. mexicanus.

13(12).  Hook on ischiopodite of third pereiopod extending proximally beyond basioischial
               articulation (Like Fig. 33a):..  Procambarus (A.) ruthveni zapoapensis  Villalobos, 1954.

              (Streams in the vicinity of Catemaco, Veracruz, México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Hook on ischiopodite of third pereiopod never extending proximally beyond basioischial
  articulation (Like Fig. 33b; see also 30g):.......................................................................................
  ...............................................................  Procambarus (A.) ruthveni ruthveni (Pearse, 1911).

          (Temporary lentic habitats and burrows in the vicinity of Cuatotolapan, Veracruz,
            México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955.

Fig. 36.  Lateral view of rostral region: a, Procambarus mexicanus;  b, P. aztecus.

14(12).  Areola very narrow, sublinear, with room for at most 1 punctation in narrowest part 
              (Fig. 34d):............................................  Procambarus (A.) veracruzanus  Villalobos, 1954.

              (Stream at Presidio, 30 km. southeast of Cordoba, Veracruz, México.  Literature:
                Villalobos, 1955).

• Areola not sublinear, with room for at least 2 punctations in narrowest part (Fig. 34c):.............    15

15(14).  Acumen of rostrum upturned apically (Fig. 36a; see also Figs. 30f, 35b):..............................
              .................................................................  Procambarus (A.) mexicanus  (Erichson, 1846).

              (Reported from a single locality, El Mirador de Zacuapan, 8 km. northeast of
                Huatusco, Veracruz, México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

• Acumen of rostrum straight, never distinctly upturned (Fig. 36b; see also Figs 30e, 34c):.......
  ..........................................................................  Procambarus (A.) aztecus  (Saussure, 1857).

             (Streams in the vicinity of Jalapa, Veracruz, México.  Literature:  Villalobos, 1955).

END OF SUBGENUS AUSTROCAMBARUS

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